Psyscope software
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By contrast, adults from Bulgaria and Macedonia, who receive exposure to both types of meter in childhood, and 6-month-old infants, who receive no such exposure, distinguish rhythmic variations in both isochronous and nonisochronous contexts. Specifically, North American adults readily detect rhythmic variations that disrupt a familiar (Western), isochronous meter, but they fail to notice comparable disruptions of a foreign (Balkan), nonisochronous meter. Such culture-specific biases interfere with adults' differentiation of rhythmic variations of nonisochronous (foreign) tunes, even though such rhythms pose no difficulty for 6-month-old infants ( 10). Even when target patterns have noticeable deviations from isochrony, Western adults stretch or shrink the component rhythmic intervals toward an isochronous framework ( 5- 9). Because Western listeners are accustomed to the temporally even or “isochronous” meters of Western music, they have considerable difficulty remembering or reproducing patterns that are not isochronous. § In perception and production tasks, adults exhibit a powerful tendency to assimilate continuously varying rhythmic information into a familiar (i.e., culture-specific) metrical framework. Such behavior is thought to depend on the ability to infer an underlying musical “beat” or meter and to integrate rhythmic information into that metrical framework. Synchronized movement to music, such as clapping, tapping, dancing, singing, and ensemble performance, has been observed across all known cultures and historical periods, which implies universality of this aspect of human behavior ( 4). We also demonstrate that culture-specific musical biases, once acquired, are more resistant to change in adulthood than in infancy. Here, we show comparable experience-dependent tuning in the domain of musical rhythm perception.
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For example, 6-month-olds differentiate individual faces of non-human as well as human primates, but 9-month-olds are more like adults in differentiating human faces only ( 3). A similar developmental course is evident in the domain of face perception. Initially, infants discriminate speech sounds from languages they have never heard, but over the first year they become differentially responsive to a narrower range of speech distinctions that are relevant only in their native language-to-be ( 1, 2). The domain of speech is a prominent example. Experience-dependent tuning in the first year of life may facilitate the acquisition of perceptual skills in a range of socially meaningful domains.
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The ability to recognize and respond appropriately to species-specific information is essential for communication and survival.